ORIGINAL PAPER
System dynamics model of gasoline supply and demand for bioethanol production analysis in Indonesia
 
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Electrical Engineering, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia
 
 
Submission date: 2025-04-28
 
 
Final revision date: 2025-06-19
 
 
Acceptance date: 2025-06-23
 
 
Publication date: 2026-04-01
 
 
Corresponding author
Fitriyanti Mayasari   

Electrical Engineering, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia
 
 
Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 2026;29(1):27-48
 
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ABSTRACT
Bioethanol is an alternative solution that fulfills the gasoline demand and directly reduces imports. It has similar characteristics to gasoline and is more sustainable because it is derived from biomass and has lower emissions. The research aims to assess bioethanol production to meet Indonesia’s mandatory bioethanol utilization and to reduce imports until 2030 by accomplishing a system dynamic model of gasoline supply and demand in Indonesia. Using system dynamics software STELLA, the model will help us to understand the trend of supply-demand of gasoline in Indonesia with related variables, and with some scenarios, the simulation will be conducted to achieve particular goals. If no intervention exists in the modeled system, the gasoline import trend tends to grow yearly, reaching more than 70% of the total supply. The bioethanol mandate will be achieved when the Mandatory Scenario is used, which will be 20% blended with gasoline in 2025. The scenario will reduce gasoline imports to 4.13–10.39 million kL during the simulation period. Meanwhile, the Zero Gasoline Import Scenario will need 31.54–43.91 million kL of bioethanol, and the blending rate of bioethanol will be 71–76%. Therefore, the government should set an E75–E80 mandate if gasoline imports are to be abolished. Several policies that can support the scenario and be proposed to the government are also given, such as incentives for feedstock and bioethanol producers, price regulation for gasoline and bioethanol, and incentives for the customer and automotive manufacturers.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Model dynamiki systemowej podaży benzyny i popytu na produkcję bioetanolu w Indonezji
produkcja bioetanolu, proporcje mieszanki, import benzyny, podaż i popyt na benzynę, dynamika systemu
Bioetanol jest alternatywnym rozwiązaniem, które zaspokaja zapotrzebowanie na benzynę i bezpośrednio zmniejsza import. Ma właściwości podobne do benzyny i jest bardziej zrównoważony, ponieważ pochodzi z biomasy i charakteryzuje się niższą emisją. Badania mają na celu ocenę produkcji bioetanolu w kontekście realizacji obowiązkowego wykorzystania bioetanolu w Indonezji i zmniejszenia importu do 2030 r., poprzez stworzenie dynamicznego modelu systemu podaży i popytu na benzynę w Indonezji. Dzięki wykorzystaniu oprogramowania do dynamiki systemowej STELLA model pomoże zrozumieć trendy podaży i popytu na benzynę w Indonezji wraz z powiązanymi zmiennymi, a przy pomocy kilku scenariuszy przeprowadzona zostanie symulacja w celu osiągnięcia określonych celów. Jeśli w modelowanym systemie nie ma żadnych interwencji, tendencja importu benzyny będzie rosła z roku na rok, osiągając ponad 70% całkowitej podaży. Wymóg dotyczący bioetanolu zostanie osiągnięty, gdy zastosowany zostanie scenariusz obowiązkowy, który przewiduje 20% domieszki do benzyny w 2025 r. Scenariusz ten spowoduje zmniejszenie importu benzyny do 4,13–10,39 mln kL w okresie symulacji. Tymczasem scenariusz zerowego importu benzyny będzie wymagał 31,54–43,91 mln kL bioetanolu, a stopień domieszki bioetanolu wyniesie 71–76%. Dlatego też rząd powinien ustanowić wymóg E75–E80, jeśli import benzyny ma zostać zniesiony. Przedstawiono również kilka polityk, które mogą wspierać ten scenariusz i które można zaproponować rządowi, takich jak zachęty dla producentów surowców i bioetanolu, regulacja cen benzyny i bioetanolu oraz zachęty dla klientów i producentów samochodów.
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