ORIGINAL PAPER
Innovative technologies for protecting Ukraine’s critical energy infrastructure under wartime conditions
1
Central Research Institute of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Ukraine
2
Department of Provision of Fuels and Lubricants, Odesa Military Academy, Ukraine
3
Department of Foreign Languages, Odesa Military Academy, Ukraine
4
Department of Civil and Industrial Safety, National Aviation University, Ukraine
5
Research Department of International Scientific Cooperation, Central Research Institute of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Ukraine
Submission date: 2025-09-15
Final revision date: 2025-10-14
Acceptance date: 2025-11-03
Publication date: 2026-06-30
Corresponding author
Oleh Semenenko
Central Research Institute of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, 28B Povitroflotskiy Ave., 03049, Kyiv, Ukraine
Central Research Institute of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, 28B Povitroflotskiy Ave., 03049, Kyiv, Ukraine
Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 2026;29(2):135-164
KEYWORDS
hybrid threatsunmanned aerial vehiclesrapid recoveryinternational standardscyberattacksphysical barriers
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed at a comprehensive analysis of protection technologies for energy facilities of critical infrastructure in Ukraine under wartime conditions. The study used a mixed-method approach combining literature review, comparative analysis, and evaluation of national and international data to assess protection technologies for critical energy infrastructure under wartime conditions. As a result of the study, it was noted that in 2021, Ukraine’s energy infrastructure had a capacity of 53.3 GW and produced 158.4 billion kWh, but after the Russian invasion in 2022, it lost two-thirds of its capacity – by mid-2024, it totaled ~15.4 GW due to the occupation of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant and the destruction of key facilities. It was established that modern technologies and means of protection of energy facilities played an important role in ensuring the resilience of the energy system to physical and cyber threats, especially in the context of hybrid warfare. It was also noted that cybersecurity, reinforced by monitoring systems integrated with artificial intelligence, as well as technologies for data protection and network segmentation, significantly improved the security of digital control systems, allowing resistance to sophisticated cyberattacks. Modern technologies, particularly 3D printing, allowed for the rapid production of spare parts for equipment, while modular transformers, compact and easy to transport, ensured the quick restoration of energy supply. The results of the study could be used to develop and implement comprehensive protection systems for energy facilities in Ukraine’s frontline regions, taking into account the real conditions of combat and limited resources.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Innowacyjne technologie ochrony obiektów energetycznych infrastruktury krytycznej przed działaniami wojennymi
zagrożenia hybrydowe, bezzałogowe statki powietrzne, szybkie odzyskiwanie, standardy międzynarodowe, cyberataki, bariery fizyczne
Celem niniejszego badania była kompleksowa analiza technologii ochrony obiektów energetycznych infrastruktury krytycznej w Ukrainie w warunkach wojennych. Metodologia badań łączyła jakościowe i ilościowe metody gromadzenia i analizy danych, w tym analizę porównawczą, badanie praktycznych doświadczeń Ukrainy oraz standardy międzynarodowe, aby zapewnić kompleksowe zrozumienie ochrony obiektów energetycznych infrastruktury krytycznej. W wyniku badania zauważono, że w 2021 r. infrastruktura energetyczna Ukrainy miała moc 53,3 GW i wyprodukowała 158,4 mld kWh, ale po inwazji rosyjskiej w 2022 r. straciła dwie trzecie swojej mocy – do połowy 2024 r. wyniosła ona łącznie ~15,4 GW z powodu zajęcia Zaporoskiej Elektrowni Jądrowej i zniszczenia kluczowych obiektów. Ustalono, że nowoczesne technologie i środki ochrony obiektów energetycznych odegrały ważną rolę w zapewnieniu odporności systemu energetycznego na zagrożenia fizyczne i cybernetyczne, zwłaszcza w kontekście wojny hybrydowej. Zauważono również, że cyberbezpieczeństwo, wzmocnione systemami monitoringu zintegrowanymi ze sztuczną inteligencją, a także technologiami ochrony danych i segmentacji sieci, znacząco poprawiło bezpieczeństwo cyfrowych systemów sterowania, zapewniając odporność na wyrafinowane cyberataki. Nowoczesne technologie, a w szczególności druk 3D, umożliwiły szybką produkcję części zamiennych do sprzętu, a kompaktowe i łatwe w transporcie transformatory modułowe zapewniły szybkie przywracanie dostaw energii. Wyniki badania mogą zostać wykorzystane do opracowania i wdrożenia kompleksowych systemów ochrony obiektów energetycznych na ukraińskich obszarach przyfrontowych, przy uwzględnieniu realnych warunków prowadzenia działań wojennych i ograniczonych zasobów.
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