REVIEW PAPER
Hydrogen energy in Kazakhstan: prospects for development and potential
1
Department of Physics and Technical Science, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Submission date: 2023-09-14
Final revision date: 2024-04-15
Acceptance date: 2024-05-09
Publication date: 2024-06-19
Corresponding author
Serikzhan Opakhai
Department of Physics and Technical Science, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpaev str 2, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Physics and Technical Science, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpaev str 2, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 2024;27(2):141-194
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Kazakhstan possesses significant natural resources, including coal, oil, natural gas, and uranium, and also has substantial potential for utilizing renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydropower, and biomass. However, the country currently relies heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. Coal-fired power plants account for 75% of the total electricity production, raising concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and their detrimental impact on human health and the environment. In December 2020, at the Climate Ambition Summit, the President of Kazakhstan announced a new goal for the country to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. To attain this objective, the government faces the ambitious task of developing a strategy for the development of hydrogen energy in Kazakhstan.
This review extensively discusses Kazakhstan’s main energy resources, the potential for low-carbon and green hydrogen production, existing and prospective pilot projects in the field of hydrogen, as well as the challenges and barriers hindering the development of hydrogen energy in Kazakhstan. Authors consider existing research, national reports, energy strategies, and plans to discuss the prospects for hydrogen energy development in Kazakhstan. The transition to hydrogen energy in Kazakhstan requires the development of a comprehensive roadmap that takes into account various aspects such as production, infrastructure development, policy support, and international cooperation. Currently, the country lacks a roadmap for hydrogen energy development that considers these crucial aspects. Therefore, as a result of this review, we have developed a new roadmap for hydrogen production by 2040 in Kazakhstan, incorporating various technologies. Authors believe this roadmap will be valuable information for the government to develop a national strategy for the active development of hydrogen energy in Kazakhstan.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Energetyka wodorowa w Kazachstanie: perspektywy rozwoju
energia wodorowa, Kazachstan, odnawialne źródła energii, zielony wodór, neutralność emisyjna
Kazachstan posiada znaczne zasoby naturalne, w tym węgiel, ropę naftową, gaz ziemny i uran, a także ma znaczny potencjał w zakresie wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii, takich jak wiatr, energia słoneczna, energia wodna i biomasa. Jednak obecnie kraj w dużym stopniu opiera się na paliwach kopalnych do wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. Elektrownie węglowe wytwarzają 75% całkowitej produkcji energii elektrycznej, co budzi obawy dotyczące emisji gazów cieplarnianych i ich szkodliwego wpływu na zdrowie ludzkie i środowisko. W grudniu 2020 r. podczas Szczytu Ambicji Klimatycznych Prezydent Kazachstanu ogłosił nowy cel dla kraju, jakim jest osiągnięcie neutralności emisyjnej do 2060 r. Aby osiągnąć ten cel, przed rządem stoi ambitne zadanie opracowania strategii rozwoju energetyki wodorowej w Kazachstanie.
W niniejszym przeglądzie szeroko omówiono główne zasoby energetyczne Kazachstanu, potencjał niskoemisyjnej i zielonej produkcji wodoru, istniejące i przyszłe projekty pilotażowe w obszarze wodoru, a także wyzwania i bariery utrudniające rozwój energetyki wodorowej w Kazachstanie. Autorzy uwzględniają istniejące badania, raporty krajowe, strategie energetyczne i plany, aby omówić perspektywy rozwoju energetyki wodorowej w Kazachstanie. Przejście na energię wodorową w Kazachstanie wymaga opracowania kompleksowego planu działania, który uwzględnia różne aspekty, takie jak produkcja, rozwój infrastruktury, wsparcie polityczne i współpraca międzynarodowa. Obecnie w kraju brakuje planu działania dotyczącego rozwoju energii wodorowej, który uwzględniałby te kluczowe aspekty. Dlatego w wyniku tego przeglądu opracowano nowy plan działania dotyczący produkcji wodoru do 2040 roku w Kazachstanie, uwzględniający różne technologie. Autorzy uważają, że niniejszy plan działania będzie cenną informacją dla rządu przy opracowywaniu krajowej strategii aktywnego rozwoju energetyki wodorowej w Kazachstanie.
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