ORIGINAL PAPER
The diversification of energy sources in Kazakhstan as a way to dampen the consequences of a predicted crisis
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1
NJSC “Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications named after Gumarbek Daukeev”, Kazakhstan
2
International IT University, Kazakhstan
3
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
4
Academician of National Engineering Academy of RK, Kazakhstan
Submission date: 2023-05-06
Final revision date: 2023-08-02
Acceptance date: 2023-08-21
Publication date: 2024-03-28
Corresponding author
Aiganym Seidaliyeva
NJSC “Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications named after Gumarbek Daukeev”, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 2024;27(1):173-188
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ABSTRACT
It is shown that the predicted energy crisis in Kazakhstan makes the issue of small-scale energy and complementary civil society institutions more than relevant. This crisis, caused by the deterioration of heating networks built during the former USSR, can be more than large-scale, as evidenced by the events in the city of Ekibastuz, where a significant proportion of the population was left without heating in the winter of 2022/2023. It is proven that the development of small-scale power generation should be complex, i.e. in the foreseeable future, one should focus attention on a combination of renewable and traditional energy sources, which implies a gradual increase in the share of renewable energy. The expediency of using the concept of “energy freedom”, at least in relation to the Republic of Kazakhstan, is substantiated. It is shown that the goal of the development of small green energy should be precisely the achievement of energy freedom for households, oriented towards the institutions of civil society. This implies, inter alia, the development of a wide range of non-trivial technical solutions that provide, for example, direct heat generation without an intermediate stage of conversion into electrical current. A specific example is considered, demonstrating the adequacy of the proposed approach. It is also shown that the primary measures to ensure the energy freedom of households can be implemented even when using equipment available on the market. Specific calculations are presented which prove that the transition to decentralized heat supply is economically feasible using available equipment.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Dywersyfikacja źródeł energii w Kazachstanie jako sposób na złagodzenie skutków przewidywanego kryzysu
kryzys energetyczny, energia na małą skalę, downshifting, kocioł grzewczy, odnawialne źródła energii
W artykule ukazano, że przewidywany kryzys energetyczny w Kazachstanie sprawia, że kwestia małej energetyki i komplementarnych instytucji społeczeństwa obywatelskiego staje się bardziej aktualna. Kryzys ten, spowodowany pogorszeniem sieci ciepłowniczych budowanych w czasach byłego ZSRR, może mieć więcej niż dużą skalę, o czym świadczą wydarzenia w mieście Ekibastuz, gdzie znaczna część ludności została zimą 2022/2023 pozbawiona ogrzewania. Udowodniono, że rozwój małej energetyki powinien być złożony, tj. w dającej się przewidzieć przyszłości należy skupić uwagę na łączeniu odnawialnych i tradycyjnych źródeł energii, co oznacza stopniowy wzrost udziału energii odnawialnej. Uzasadniona jest celowość stosowania pojęcia „wolności energetycznej”, przynajmniej w odniesieniu do Republiki Kazachstanu. W artykule pokazano, że celem rozwoju małej zielonej energii powinno być właśnie osiągnięcie wolności energetycznej gospodarstw domowych, zorientowanej na instytucje społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Oznacza to, między innymi, rozwój szerokiej gamy nietypowych rozwiązań technicznych, które zapewniają, na przykład, bezpośrednie wytwarzanie ciepła bez pośredniego etapu konwersji na prąd elektryczny. W artykule rozważono konkretny przykład wykazujący adekwatność proponowanego podejścia. Pokazano także, że podstawowe działania zapewniające wolność energetyczną gospodarstw domowych można realizować nawet przy wykorzystaniu dostępnych na rynku urządzeń. Przedstawiono konkretne obliczenia, które dowodzą, że przejście na zdecentralizowane dostawy ciepła jest ekonomicznie wykonalne przy użyciu dostępnego sprzętu.
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