Australia is very rich country regarding natural resources. It is significant exporter of iron ore, bauxite ore, copper ore, gold ore, nickel ore and zinc ore. This country is also a big exporter of uranium ore as well as hard coal and natural gas. It has utilized its own energy raw resources which is brown coal. Brown coal is used especially to produce electricity which ensures the national energy security just as in Poland. Despite the long distance between this two countries they have a lot in common. Both Australia and Poland based on their electrical power engineering on their domestic hard coal and brown coal resources. Both countries have reached a similar participation level of renewable energy sources in the national energy mix. The annual output of brown coal is also comparable. The paper presents brown coal-based mining and the power industry comparison in Australia and Poland. Analysis have regarded the last 20 years, but a special emphasis focused on the industry changes which have taken place in the last 10 years. It has the shown similarities and differences in both countries in terms of brown coal geological and mining conditions, the unit efficiency factor and carbon dioxide emissions factor during the electricity production process. Current state and development prospects of three brown coal mining-energy complexes which are located in Latrobe Valley in Victoria State in South-East Australia has also been described.