ORIGINAL PAPER
Global review of oil and gas fiscal regimes: lessons for Nigeria
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1
Business Administration, Nile University, Abuja, Nigeria
2
Emerald Energy Institute, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Email: obakhume.kaseem@eeiuniport.edu.ng, Nigeria
3
Economics, Nile University, Abuja, Nigeria
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2025-09-26
Final revision date: 2026-02-12
Acceptance date: 2026-02-12
Publication date: 2026-09-25
Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 2026;29(3):189-218
KEYWORDS
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ABSTRACT
The oil and gas sector remains the central mainstay of the Nigerian economy, contributing approximately 65% of government revenues and over 85% of total exports. Despite its abundant resources, the national fiscal framework faces deep-rooted inefficiencies, weak governance, and significant revenue volatility. This study evaluates petroleum fiscal regimes across five jurisdictions – Norway, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Angola, and Guyana, using ten governance indicators to extract policy lessons for Nigeria. A rigorous comparative analysis reveals significant variations in state take, institutional autonomy, and regulatory efficiency.
Results indicate that Norway serves as the global benchmark, achieving a high 78% marginal tax rate and a sovereign wealth fund exceeding 1.4 trillion USD, supported by implementation scores of 9–10. In contrast, Guyana’s recent reforms increased government take from 14.5% to approximately 27.5%, demonstrating successful frontier market evolution. Saudi Arabia provides a model for stability through a progressive sliding-scale royalty reaching 80% when oil prices exceed 100 USD/barrel.
Conversely, Nigeria ranks lowest with scores between 4 and 5, and a critical low of 2 in environmental sustainability. The study concludes that to optimize the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021, Nigeria must adopt profitability-linked R-factor instruments similar to Angola to balance state returns with investor risk. Recommendations include granting full financial independence to the NUPRC and implementing green fiscal tools, such as carbon taxes, to enhance ESG compliance and align with global energy transition goals. This reform roadmap is vital for transforming Nigeria’s hydrocarbon wealth into a driver for inclusive growth.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Globalny przegląd systemów podatkowych w sektorze naftowym i gazowym: wnioski dla Nigerii
polityka energetyczna, system podatkowy, zarządzanie energią, zrównoważony rozwój środowiskowy, ocena porównawcza
Sektor naftowo-gazowy pozostaje głównym filarem gospodarki Nigerii, generując około 65% dochodów budżetowych i ponad 85% całkowitego eksportu. Pomimo bogatych zasobów krajowe ramy fiskalne borykają się z głęboko zakorzenioną nieefektywnością, słabym zarządzaniem oraz znaczną zmiennością dochodów. Niniejsze badanie ocenia systemy podatkowe dotyczące ropy naftowej w pięciu jurysdykcjach – Norwegii, Brazylii, Arabii Saudyjskiej, Angoli i Gujanie – z wykorzystaniem dziesięciu wskaźników zarządzania, w celu wyciągnięcia wniosków dotyczących polityki dla Nigerii. Rygorystyczna analiza porównawcza ujawnia znaczne różnice w udziale państwa w zyskach, autonomii instytucjonalnej oraz skuteczności regulacyjnej.
Wyniki wskazują, że Norwegia stanowi światowy wzorzec, osiągając wysoką krańcową stawkę podatkową na poziomie 78% oraz dysponując funduszem majątkowym przekraczającym 1,4 bln USD, co potwierdzają oceny wdrożenia na poziomie 9–10. Natomiast niedawne reformy w Gujanie zwiększyły udział państwa w zyskach z 14,5% do około 27,5%, co świadczy o udanej ewolucji rynku wschodzącego. Arabia Saudyjska stanowi wzór stabilności dzięki progresywnej, ruchomej skali opłat eksploatacyjnych, sięgającej 80%, gdy ceny ropy przekraczają 100 USD za baryłkę.
Z kolei Nigeria zajmuje najniższe miejsce, uzyskując wyniki w przedziale od 4 do 5, a w zakresie zrównoważonego rozwoju środowiskowego osiąga krytycznie niski wynik 2. W badaniu stwierdzono, że w celu optymalizacji ustawy o przemyśle naftowym (PIA) z 2021 r. Nigeria musi wprowadzić instrumenty oparte na współczynniku R powiązanym z rentownością, podobne do tych stosowanych w Angoli, aby zrównoważyć zyski państwa z ryzykiem ponoszonym przez inwestorów. Zalecenia obejmują przyznanie NUPRC pełnej niezależności finansowej oraz wdrożenie ekologicznych narzędzi fiskalnych, takich jak podatki od emisji dwutlenku węgla, w celu poprawy zgodności z zasadami ESG i dostosowania się do globalnych celów transformacji energetycznej. Ten plan reform ma kluczowe znaczenie dla przekształcenia bogactwa węglowodorowego Nigerii w siłę napędową wzrostu sprzyjającego włączeniu społecznemu.
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