ORIGINAL PAPER
Optimization of wind power generation in Kosovo based on GIS modelling and terrain data (GWA, SRTM, CORINE)
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Kosovo
2
E&I Mechatronic, Kosovo
3
Kosovo Electricity Distribution Company JSC, Kosovo
Submission date: 2025-10-31
Final revision date: 2025-12-18
Acceptance date: 2026-01-13
Publication date: 2026-06-30
Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 2026;29(2):213-248
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The study analyses the wind energy potential of Kosovo using geographic information systems (GIS), integrating environmental and infrastructural factors. The methodology involves modelling wind speeds from the Global Wind Atlas, assessing terrain characteristics through the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model, and filtering suitable areas using CORINE land cover data and infrastructural constraints. A techno-economic assessment was performed to optimise turbine placement and estimate annual generation, applying a standard land-use indicator of 0.5 km2/MW. Results show that Kosovo’s wind energy potential provides a viable path toward reducing coal dependency and supporting decarbonisation. The total technical potential was estimated at 6,248 MW over 3,124 km2 of suitable land. After accounting for environmental, topographical, and infrastructural restrictions, the most probable technical potential equals 1,774 MW, distributed among regions as follows: Pristina (36%), Mitrovica (28%), Gnjilane (12%), Peja (7%), Prizren (7%), Gjakova (6%), and Ferizaj (4%). The realistically achievable potential, considering logistical and regulatory factors, is 1,100–1,200 MW. With a capacity factor of 0.3, annual electricity production could reach 4.66 million MWh, reducing CO2 emissions by approximately 4.2 million tonnes per year. The most favourable sites are flat or gently sloping areas (<15°) in Pristina and Mitrovica with firm agricultural soils (implementation probability coefficient 0.9–1.0), offering low construction costs and high efficiency. The study contributes to fulfilling the European Green Deal and Energy Community objectives, providing a scientific basis for sustainable energy transition and strategic wind energy development in Kosovo.
FUNDING
The Authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
METADATA IN OTHER LANGUAGES:
Polish
Optymalizacja wytwarzania energii wiatrowej w Kosowie w oparciu o modelowanie GIS oraz dane topograficzne (GWA, SRTM, CORINE)
potencjał techniczny, roczna produkcja energii, redukcja emisji, system energetyczny, ograniczenia infrastrukturalne, analiza techniczno-ekonomiczna
Celem badania jest analiza potencjału energetyki wiatrowej w Kosowie z wykorzystaniem systemów informacji geograficznej, z uwzględnieniem czynników środowiskowych i infrastrukturalnych. Metodologia badań opiera się na kompleksowej analizie z wykorzystaniem systemów informacji geograficznej, która obejmuje modelowanie prędkości wiatru w oparciu o dane z Globalnego Atlasu Wiatrów, ocenę charakterystyki terenu za pomocą cyfrowego modelu wysokościowego misji Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, filtrowanie odpowiednich obszarów zgodnie z typami pokrycia terenu i ograniczeniami infrastrukturalnymi oraz przeprowadzenie analizy techniczno-ekonomicznej w celu optymalizacji lokalizacji i oszacowania rocznej produkcji energii elektrycznej. W celu zapewnienia dokładności zastosowano znormalizowane wskaźniki użytkowania gruntów (0,5 km2/MW). Wyniki pokazują, że potencjał energii wiatrowej w Kosowie stwarza możliwości rozwoju energii odnawialnej, która może znacznie zmniejszyć zależność regionu od elektrowni węglowych i wspierać cele dekarbonizacji. Potencjał techniczny oszacowano na 6248 MW na obszarze 3124 km2 nadającym się do instalacji turbin wiatrowych. Jednak po uwzględnieniu ograniczeń środowiskowych, cech topograficznych i czynników infrastrukturalnych najbardziej prawdopodobny potencjał techniczny wyniósł 1774 MW, rozłożony na następujące regiony: Prisztina (646 MW, 36%), Mitrowica (497 MW, 28%), Gnjilane (220 MW, 12%), Peja (120 MW, 7%), Prizren (119 MW, 7%), Gjakova (98 MW, 6%) oraz Ferizaj (62 MW, 4%). Potencjał możliwy do zrealizowania w praktyce, z uwzględnieniem ograniczeń logistycznych i regulacyjnych, szacuje się na 1100–1200 MW. Prognozowana roczna produkcja energii elektrycznej, przy współczynniku wykorzystania mocy wynoszącym 0,3, wynosi 4,66 mln MWh/rok, co pozwala ograniczyć emisję CO2 o około 4,20 mln ton rocznie. Jako optymalne zidentyfikowano płaskie i nizinne obszary Prisztiny i Mitrowicy o nachyleniu poniżej 15 stopni i twardych glebach (grunty rolne, współczynnik prawdopodobieństwa realizacji 0,9–1,0), ponieważ zapewniają one minimalne koszty. Wyniki badań przyczyniają się do realizacji celów Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu i Wspólnoty Energetycznej, stanowiąc podstawę przejścia na zrównoważoną energię poprzez strategiczne planowanie projektów związanych z energią wiatrową.
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